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Piercing point
In geology, a piercing point is defined as a feature (usually a geologic feature, preferably a linear feature) that is cut by a fault, then moved apart.〔E. Keller and N. Pinter, 2002, Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape, Second Edition, p. 355〕 Reconfiguring the piercing point back in its original position is the primary way geologists can find out the minimum slip, or displacement, along a fault. This can be done on a large scale (over many kilometers〔Richard Oliver Lease, Nadine McQuarrie, Michael Oskin, and Andrew Leier, 2009, Quantifying Dextral Shear on the Bristol-Granite Mountains Fault Zone: Successful Geologic Prediction from Kinematic Compatibility of the Eastern California Shear Zone, Journal of Geology, volume 117, p. 37–53〕), a small scale (inside a single outcrop or fault trench〔S Baker, 2005, Pseudotachylyte-generating faults in Central Otago, New Zealand, Tectonophysics, Volume: 397, Issue: 3-4, Publisher: Elsevier, Pages: 211-223〕) or even a single hand sample/rock (see image).
Items that are usually used in a piercing point study include large geologic formations or other rock units that can be matched either stratigraphically, geochemically, or by age dating. Features that are linear or planar, like a stratigraphic unit, are much better for use in a piercing point study than a rounds or irregular-shaped objects, such as a pluton, because the reconstruction is always more precise with a more predictable shape (because of the Principle of lateral continuity). Of course, it is important to keep in mind that piercing points only give a minimum amount of offset that fault could have taken. In certain situations, rock units can be created as fault movement occurs, making the piercing point measurement even less than a minimum value.
Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee were the first to use piercing points along the San Andreas fault, notably the Pelona schist in the San Gabriel Mountains and Orocopia schist in the Orocopia Mountains, in 1953;〔Hill, M.L., and Dibblee, T.W., Jr., 1953, San Andreas, Garlock, and Big Pine faults, California-a study of the character, history, and tectonic significance of their displacements: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 64, no. 4, p. 443-458.〕 they showed at least of slip using that piercing point.〔Crowell, J.C., 1962, Displacement along the San Andreas fault, California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 71, 61 p. 1981, An outline of the tectonic history of southeastern California, in Ernst, W.G., ed., The geotectonic development of California (Rubey volume 1): Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, p.583-600.〕 Another famous example of San Andreas fault piercing points include the unique rocks at Point Lobos State Reserve and Point Reyes National Seashore.〔Kathleen Burnham, Update Re: Predictive Late Cretaceous to Early Miocene Paleogeography of the San Andreas Fault System Derived from Detailed Multidisciplinary Conglomerate Correlations, AAPG Search and Discovery Article #90076©2008 AAPG Pacific Section, Bakersfield, California〕 Though 180 km apart, the rocks match exactly: they were cut and separated by the fault. A complete, detailed analysis shows that the movement, while uncertain because of the various piercing points used, is over since the Miocene.〔〔Huffman, O.F., 1972, Lateral displacement of Upper Miocene rocks and the Neogene history of offset along the San Andreas fault in central California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, no. 10, p. 2913-2946.〕 Piercing points are used on faults other than the San Andreas, like the Hilina fault system in Hawaii〔(Complete Report for Hilina fault system, 'Apua Pali section (Class A) No. 2610m )〕 and the Lake Clark fault system in Alaska.〔(26 km of Offset on the Lake Clark Fault Since Late Eocene Time )〕
In rare situations, even human structures built across a fault can be used, like an Ottoman Empire-era canal berm that was offset along the North Anatolian fault zone in a 1754 earthquake and the 1999 Izmit earthquake in Turkey.〔(SCEC Geologic Investigations of the August 17, 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake )〕 The berm showed of movement in the 1999 earthquake.〔
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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